NIOS Class 10th Science and Technology (212) Solved Practical File English Medium 2022-23

 Science & Technology (212) Practical File

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Experiment – 1

To Find the Average Speed of an Individual, as One Walks/Runs, To and Fro between Two Points

OBJECTIVES:- 

After performing this experiment, you should be able to:

• measure the distance travelled by a moving body;
• use a stop watch to measure the time interval of an event; and
• measure average speed of a moving body during a given time interval.

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW:-

Speed is the physical quantity, which tells us how fast has a body moved between two positions. Normally in moving long distances a body does not move equally fast all the time. The average speed of a body over a given time interval is given by: 

Material required

A metre scale and a stop watch

HOW TO PERFORM THE EXPERIMENT:-

1. Mark two fixed points A and B on the ground 20 metres or more apart. 

2. Let your friend stand at one point (say A), instructed him/her to start walking/running when you speak “Start” and then make 5 to 10 walks from A to B, then B to A, and so on 

3. Say “Start” and simultaneously start the stop watch (OR, note the time with the help of seconds - hand in your watch, in case a stop watch is not available). Simultaneously, your friend starts walking (Fig). 

4. Keep on counting the number of times your friend has moved between the two points. 

5. When he completes his last trip (AB or BA), say “STOP” and stop the watch at the instant he reaches the marked point. 

Fig: A person running on a straight path between points A and B.

6. Measure the length. AB with the help of a metre scale.

7. If your friend has covered length AB, n times, total distance moved by him is (n × AB). 

8. Note the time by your stop watch and calculate average speed. 

9. Repeat the experiment atleast three times. Are the three results equal? Find their mean. 

10.  Repeat the experiment, when your friend runs between the same two points. 

(Note:- You yourself can walk/run between the points A and B with the stop watch in your hand and perform the experiment.)

Experiment – 2

To Verify the Third Law of Motion Using Two Spring Balances. 

OBJECTIVES:- 

After performing the experiment, you should be able to:

• demonstrate that the extension in the spring of a spring balance is directly proportional to the force applied on it; 
• entangle two spring balances in such a way that force applied on one may act on the other; and 
• verify third law of motion.

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW:- 

• A spring balance is used for measuring force. 
• The principle of working of a spring balance is “stretch in a uniformly wound spring is directly proportional to the stretching force”. 
• Even if the spring balance is calibrated in the unit of mass (g or kg), the readings may be converted into the unit of force (i.e. N) by multiplying mass with acceleration due to gravity at the place. 
• Force is a result of interaction between two bodies, the force that one body applies on the other body is called action and the force that the second body applies on the first body is called reaction. 
• According to Newtons third law of motion, “action and reaction are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and act on two different bodies.” 

Material Required

Two identical spring balances (0-5 N), weight box, a frictionless pulley, a hanger of 1 N (= 100 gwt) and 3-4 slotted weights each of 1 N to be placed on the hanger, an inextensible, torsionless, massless string and a heavy wooden block with a hook. 

HOW TO PERFORM THE EXPERIMENT

1. Take two identical spring balances each of range 0-5 N.
2. Find the least count of the two spring balances.
3. Hold the two spring balances vertically and see whether their pointers are at zero mark or not. Adjust the pointers at zero mark if need be. 
4. Fix the wooden block at one edge of the table and pulley at its opposite edge keeping the two in a straight line. Attach balance B with the block, entangle the hooks of spring balances A and B and tieing thread with A pass it over the pulley and attach hanger weight to its free end as shown in Fig. In this arrangement the spring balances rest on the table top, the thread remains parallel to it and the thread and weight on the other side of the pulley hang freely and do not touch the table.

Fig: Experimental set-up

5. Note readings in the two spring balances.

6. Add at least 3 more weights in steps of 1 N on the hanger and note readings in the two spring balances each time.

Experiment – 3

To Determine the Melting Point of Ice

OBJECTIVES:- 

After performing the experiment, you should be able to: 

• use a laboratory thermometer;
• set up apparatus to determine melting point of ice; and
• show that melting point is a characteristic constant temperatures for a given solid.

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW:- 

• A solid changes into its corresponding liquid state at a fixed, characteristic temperature, called its melting point.
• Melting point and freezing point for a given substance have same value.
• When a solid starts melting at its melting point its temperature remains constant till whole of the solid is converted into liquid state.

Material Required

A big funnel (15 cm dia at top), a thermometer, a beaker, an iron stand with funnel holder and clamp. 

HOW TO PERFORM THE EXPERIMENT

1. Arrange the funnel, beaker and thermometer on the iron stand as shown in Fig. See that the funnel and the thermometer are securely clamped in the iron stand making thermometer vertical. 

2. Fill the funnel with broken pieces of ice burying the bulb of the thermometer in the ice from all sides. 

3. Keep on noting the reading of the thermometer after every thirty seconds. 

4. Note the temperature which becomes constant and does not change with time. This is melting point of ice. 

Fig: Experimental set up for finding melting point of ice

Experiment – 4

To Prepare an Aqueous Solution of Common Salt of a Given Composition.

OBJECTIVES:- 

After performing this experiment, you should be able to:

• prepare a solution of known concentration by weighing the solute with a physical balance;
• calculate the percentage (%) composition of solutions of known masses of solute and solvent;
• calculate the amount of solute to be dissolved in the given quantity of a solvent to
• prepare a solution of desired percentage composition; and 
• show the homogeneous nature of solutions.

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

Water is known as a universal solvent because it can dissolve many substances. The substances that dissolve in water are called water soluble substances and their solution in water is known as aqueous solution. A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The dissolved substance is called a solute and the water as a solvent in case of aqueous solutions. At a given temperature different amounts of different substances can be dissolved in a given amount of water. By dissolving different amounts of a solute in a definite amount of water you can prepare solutions of different percentage composition. The relationship of mass of solute, solvent and percentage composition can be expressed as given below:

 

Material Required

Beaker or glass tumbler (250 mL), common salt, water, glass rod, measuring cylinder, spatula or spoon, physical balance, weight box, patri dish, glazed paper. 

HOW TO PERFORM THE EXPERIMENT

(i) Take a clean dry beaker or glass tumbler.

(ii) Weigh 5 g common salt on a glazed paper.

(iii) Pour the substance (solid) into a beaker or tumbler and make sure that no solid particle

is left on the glazed paper.

(iv) Measure 45 mL water with the help of a measuring cylinder.

(v) Pour the water into the beaker containing the solid substance.

(vi) Stir the contents of the beaker till all the solid substance gets dissolved. Fig. 

Fig: Making a aqueous solution

(vii) The required solution (50 mL of 10%) is ready.

(viii) Repeat the experiment by preparing solution of different concentrations.

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